PGDBA 2022 Question Paper | VARC

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The passage below is accompanied by a set of five questions. Choose the BEST answer to each question
Doomsayers of the past two centuries have blamed, among other things, novels, the radio, jazz, rock 'n roll, television, horror films, Dungeons & Dragons, video games, the internet, smartphones and social media for the sad decline of the young. John Protzko, a psychologist...wondered whether things might not be quite so gloomy as they seemed. To try to bring some rigour to the question, he went hunting for examples of a cognitive experiment called the marshmallow test. This test, first performed at Stanford University in the 1960s, measures how good young children are at self-control - specifically, whether or not they can defer a small but immediate reward, such as a marshmallow, in favour of a bigger one later. It was one of the first examples of a standardised psychological test, so it gave him plenty of historical data to work with.
The set-up is simple. A child is taken into a room and presented with a choice of sugary snacks. A researcher explains that the child can choose his favourite treat and eat it whenever he likes - but, if he waits 15 minutes, he can have two instead. The researcher then leaves the room. Age is the strongest predictor of successfully resisting the temptation [to take the treat immediately]. Among children of the same age, however, doing well on the test is associated with plenty of good things later in life, from healthy weight to longer school attendance and better exam results.
Dr Protzko...polled 260 experts in child cognitive development, inviting them to predict what he might find. Just over half thought that children would have become worse at delaying gratification - perhaps thinking about a plethora of recent studies into the supposedly deleterious effects of modern technology. Another third predicted no change.
Only 16% of the experts made the correct prediction. This is, that children have become steadily and significantly better at the test over the past half century. In 1967, the average waiting time before succumbing to temptation was around three minutes. By 2017, that had risen to eight minutes - an increase of about a minute a decade. And that increase seems to be happening at all levels of ability. The most impulsive children are improving at the same rate as the most prudent.
The rate of increase caught Dr Protzko's eye as well. That rate, a fifth of a standard deviation every decade, is about the same improvement as has been seen in IQ tests over the past 80 years.... The cause of this increase in IQ, which is dubbed the Flynn effect after the psychologist who brought it to the world's attention, remains mysterious - as does whether Dr Protzko's results are related to it. IQ is associated with the ability to delay gratification, but the correlation is far from perfect.

Question 7 : From the passage it can be inferred that those doing well in the 'Marshmallow Test' are more likely to do well later in adult life because,

Explanatory Answer

The passage explains that the Marshmallow Test "measures how good young children are at self-control - specifically, whether or not they can defer a small but immediate reward, such as a marshmallow, in favour of a bigger one later". Those who do well in the test, hence, are more likely to do well later in adult life because they can delay gratification, that is, they can sacrifice short-term gains for higher long-term returns.

The question is " From the passage it can be inferred that those doing well in the 'Marshmallow Test' are more likely to do well later in adult life because, "

Hence, the answer is 'they can sacrifice short-term gains for higher long-term returns.'

Choice B is the correct answer.

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