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The passage below is accompanied by four questions. Based on the passage, choose
the best answer for each question.
Understanding romantic aesthetics is not a simple
undertaking for reasons that are internal to the nature of the subject. Distinguished scholars,
such as Arthur Lovejoy, Northrop Frye and Isaiah Berlin, have remarked on the notorious
challenges facing any attempt to define romanticism. Lovejoy, for example, claimed that
romanticism is "the scandal of literary history and criticism" . . . The main difficulty in
studying the romantics, according to him, is the lack of any "single real entity, or type of
entity" that the concept "romanticism" designates. Lovejoy concluded, "the word 'romantic' has
come to mean so many things that, by itself, it means nothing" . . .
The more
specific task of characterizing romantic aesthetics adds to these difficulties an air of
paradox. Conventionally, "aesthetics" refers to a theory concerning beauty and art or the branch
of philosophy that studies these topics. However, many of the romantics rejected the
identification of aesthetics with a circumscribed domain of human life that is separated from
the practical and theoretical domains of life. The most characteristic romantic commitment is to
the idea that the character of art and beauty and of our engagement with them should shape all
aspects of human life. Being fundamental to human existence, beauty and art should be a central
ingredient not only in a philosophical or artistic life, but also in the lives of ordinary men
and women. Another challenge for any attempt to characterize romantic aesthetics lies in the
fact that most of the romantics were poets and artists whose views of art and beauty are, for
the most part, to be found not in developed theoretical accounts, but in fragments, aphorisms
and poems, which are often more elusive and suggestive than conclusive.
Nevertheless,
in spite of these challenges the task of characterizing romantic aesthetics is neither
impossible nor undesirable, as numerous thinkers responding to Lovejoy's radical skepticism have
noted. While warning against a reductive definition of romanticism, Berlin, for example, still
heralded the need for a general characterization: "[Although] one does have a certain sympathy
with Lovejoy's despair...[he is] in this instance mistaken. There was a romantic movement...and
it is important to discover what it is" . . .
Recent attempts to characterize
romanticism and to stress its contemporary relevance follow this path. Instead of overlooking
the undeniable differences between the variety of romanticisms of different nations that Lovejoy
had stressed, such studies attempt to characterize romanticism, not in terms of a single
definition, a specific time, or a specific place, but in terms of "particular philosophical
questions and concerns" . . .
While the German, British and French romantics are all
considered, the central protagonists in the following are the German romantics. Two reasons
explain this focus: first, because it has paved the way for the other romanticisms, German
romanticism has a pride of place among the different national romanticisms . . . Second, the
aesthetic outlook that was developed in Germany roughly between 1796 and 1801–02 —
the period that corresponds to the heyday of what is known as "Early Romanticism" . . .—
offers the most philosophical expression of romanticism since it is grounded primarily in the
epistemological, metaphysical, ethical, and political concerns that the German romantics
discerned in the aftermath of Kant's philosophy.
Question 15 : The main difficulty in studying romanticism is the:
Easy question. Note the line, ' The main difficulty in studying the romantics,
according to him, is the lack of any "single real entity, or type of entity" that the concept
"romanticism" designates.' So, according to the passage, the main difficulty in studying
romanticism is the lack of clear conceptual contours of the domain. Option D.
The question is " The main difficulty in studying romanticism is the: "
Choice D is the correct answer.
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