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Read the following passage and answer the THREE questions that follow.
If we imagine the action of a vaccine not just in terms of how it affects a
single body, but also in terms of how it affects the collective body of a community, it is
fair to think of vaccination as a kind of banking of immunity. Contributions to this bank
are donations to those who cannot or will not be protected by their own immunity. This is
the principle of herd immunity, and it is through herd immunity that mass vaccination
becomes far more effective than individual vaccination.
Any given vaccine can fail to
produce immunity in an individual, and some vaccines, like the influenza vaccine, are less
effective than others. But when enough people are vaccinated with even a relatively
ineffective vaccine, viruses have trouble moving from host to host and cease to spread,
sparing both the unvaccinated and those in whom vaccination has not produced immunity. This
is why the chances of contracting measles can be higher for a vaccinated person living in a
largely unvaccinated community than they are for an unvaccinated person living in a largely
vaccinated community.
The unvaccinated person is protected by the bodies around her,
bodies through which disease is not circulating. But a vaccinated person surrounded by
bodies that host disease is left vulnerable to vaccine failure or fading immunity. We are
protected not so much by our own skin, but by what is beyond it. The boundaries between our
bodies begin to dissolve here. Donations of blood and organs move between us, exiting one
body and entering another, and so too with immunity, which is a common trust as much as it
is a private account. Those of us who draw on collective immunity owe our health to our
neighbors.
Why does the author think about vaccination as a “banking of immunity?”
Option A is the correct answer. The author states, “Contributions to this bank are donations to those who cannot or will not be protected by their own immunity,” implying that vaccination helps protect individuals who may not have access to it.
Option B is incorrect as, while the passage implies that vaccination provides a safety net, it does not explicitly state that this is the reason vaccination is referred to as “banking of immunity.”
Option C is incorrect because the passage does not state that vaccination acts as a deposit of protection against a specific disease.
Option D is incorrect because the passage does not mention that different vaccines contribute to a diverse portfolio of immune defenses.
Option E is incorrect because the passage does not suggest that vaccination creates a reserve of immunity within a person’s immune system.
Choice A is the correct answer.
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