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The passage below is accompanied by four questions. Based on the passage,
choose the best answer for each question.
In the summer of 2022, subscribers to
the US streaming service HBO MAX were alarmed to discover that dozens of the platform's
offerings – from the Covid-themed heist thriller Locked Down to the recent remake of The
Witches – had been quietly removed from the service . . . The news seemed like vindication
to those who had long warned that streaming was more about controlling access to the
cultural commons than expanding it, as did reports (since denied by the show's creators)
that Netflix had begun editing old episodes of Stranger Things to retroactively improve
their visual effects.
What's less clear is whether the commonly prescribed cure
for these cultural ills – a return to the material pleasures of physical media – is the
right one. While the makers of Blu-ray discs claim they have a shelf life of 100 years, such
statistics remain largely theoretical until they come to pass, and are dependent on storage
conditions, not to mention the continued availability of playback equipment. The humble DVD
has already proved far less resilient, with many early releases already beginning to
deteriorate in quality Digital movie purchases provide even less security. Any film "bought"
on iTunes could disappear if you move to another territory with a different rights agreement
and try to redownload it. It's a bold new frontier in the commodification of art: the birth
of the product recall. After a man took to Twitter to bemoan losing access to Cars 2 after
moving from Canada to Australia, Apple clarified that users who downloaded films to their
devices would retain permanent access to those downloads, even if they relocated to a
hemisphere where the [content was] subject to a different set of rights agreements. Thanks
to the company's ironclad digital rights management technology, however, such files cannot
be moved or backed up, locking you into watching with your Apple account.
Anyone
who does manage to acquire Digital Rights Management free (DRM-free) copies of their
favourite films must nonetheless grapple with ever-changing file format standards, not to
mention data decay – the gradual process by which electronic information slowly but surely
corrupts. Only the regular migration of files from hard drive to hard drive can delay the
inevitable, in a sisyphean battle against the ravages of digital time.
In a
sense, none of this is new. Charlie Chaplin burned the negative of his 1926 film A Woman of
the Sea as a tax write-off. Many more films have been lost through accident, negligence or
plain indifference. During a heatwave in July 1937, a Fox film vault in New Jersey burned
down, destroying a majority of the silent films produced by the studio.
Back
then, at least, cinema was defined by its ephemerality: the sense that a film was as good as
gone once it left your local cinema. Today, with film studios keen to stress the breadth of
their back catalogues (or to put in Hollywood terms, the value of their IPs), audiences may
start to wonder why those same studios seem happy to set the vault alight themselves if
it'll help next quarter's numbers.
Question 20 :Which one of the following statements, if true, would best invalidate the main argument of the passage?
The passage argues that preserving cultural artefacts such as film against the ravages of time is a sisyphean battle. Customers struggle to retain access to content they pay for, as they cannot rely on streaming providers to be custodians of the content. Nor is the use of physical media or acquiring digital rights a good solution due to complications posed by technological advancements, changing file formats, data decay and so on.
If option 2 were true, that is, studios and streaming services have committed to giving customers perpetual and platform-independent access to the original digital content they have paid for, then the central argument of the passage would be invalidated. So, option 2 is the correct choice.
Option 1, if true, would be a solution to one problem discussed in the passage, that is, perpetual access to content paid for, but it does not address the other issues, such as access to original content being tied to the platform and to the location of access. Similarly, the other options, too, narrowly address one aspect of the problem whereas option 2 is broader and so it is the right choice.
Choice B is the correct answer.
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