IPMAT Question Paper 2022 | IPM Indore Verbal

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Read the following passage and choose the answer that is closest to each of the questions that are based on the passage.

Bananas, apples, and avocados continue to ripen after they are picked. Cherries, blackberries, and grapes do not. The difference between climacteric fruits (the former) and non-climacteric fruits (the latter) matters to fruit growers and greengrocers, who must make sure their wares are in tip-top condition when they arrive at the marketplace. But how those differences originally came about remains unclear.

Two biologists of the University of Tokyo offer a suggestion. Fruits, they observe, exist to solve a problem faced by all plants-how best to spread their progeny around. Wrapping their seeds in a sugary pulp to provide a tasty meal serves as a way to get animals to do this for them. They do, however, need to make sure that their fruits favour the animals most likely to do the distributing. The biologists propose that climacterism, or its absence, is a way to achieve this. If ground-dwelling animals are the main distributors, then the continuing ripening of fallen fruit (i.e., climacterism) is beneficial. If, by contrast, those distributors are arboreal or aerial, and so can feed on unfallen fruit, then non-climacteric fruits will do well.

To test their idea, the two researchers studied 80 varieties of fruits, and noted which animals each depended on for its propagation. 35 of these fruits, eaten by both ground-dwelling animals and arboreal or aerial animals, were non-climacteric. Further, 15 of the 19 varieties eaten principally by ground-dwellers were climacteric, while 21 of the 26 fed on by arboreal or aerial animals were non-climacteric.

That is a suggestively strong correlation. And the authors' hypothesis is fortified by other evidence. They point out that non-climacteric fruits tend to have vivid colours, especially reds and purples. This may help them to stand out amid the foliage of their parent plants, advertising their presence. Climacteric fruits are generally better camouflaged. That makes them harder to spot until they have fallen to the ground.

The main limitation of their work is that they looked at fruits eaten by people. This has probably contaminated the sample, for thousands of years of selective breeding for traits that human beings find appealing may have blurred any signal optimised by natural selection. The next step, therefore, should be the analysis of wild fruits.

Question 1 :The main point the writer makes is that fruit-bearing plants

1. of all kinds need to be studied, not just those consumed by humans.
2. and other plant species' propagation cannot be studied accurately.
3. are better protected than other plant species and can propagate easily.
4. have the same problems in propagation as other plants.

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Explanatory Answer

Option 1: This option is incorrect. The passage does admit limitations in the study (last para) but this is not the main point. But it’s the secondary argument and the attention has been drawn to it at the end of the passage.
Option 2: This option is incorrect. The passage does not claim that propagation cannot be studied accurately. It just highlights a possible flaw in the current approach (human-centric sampling). The tone remains optimistic, proposing further analysis of wild fruits to refine conclusions.
Option 3: This option is incorrect. The passage discusses camouflage in climacteric fruits (e.g., “harder to spot until they fall”) but does not compare fruit-bearing plants to other species in terms of protection or propagation success. The focus is on dispersal mechanisms, not survival advantages over non-fruit-bearing plants.
Option 4: This option is correct.The passage explicitly states: “Fruits, they observe, exist to solve a problem faced by all plants—how best to spread their progeny around.” This line establishes that the distinction between climacteric and non-climacteric fruits is a response to a universal challenge for propagation of all plants, not just fruit-bearing species. The biologists’ hypothesis about ripening is framed as a solution to this problem, making Option 4 the central idea.

Hence, the answer is 'have the same problems in propagation as other plants.'

Choice D is the correct answer.

 

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