IPMAT Question Paper 2022 | IPM Indore Verbal

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Read the following passage and choose the answer that is closest to each of the questions that are based on the passage.

Bananas, apples, and avocados continue to ripen after they are picked. Cherries, blackberries, and grapes do not. The difference between climacteric fruits (the former) and non-climacteric fruits (the latter) matters to fruit growers and greengrocers, who must make sure their wares are in tip-top condition when they arrive at the marketplace. But how those differences originally came about remains unclear.

Two biologists of the University of Tokyo offer a suggestion. Fruits, they observe, exist to solve a problem faced by all plants-how best to spread their progeny around. Wrapping their seeds in a sugary pulp to provide a tasty meal serves as a way to get animals to do this for them. They do, however, need to make sure that their fruits favour the animals most likely to do the distributing. The biologists propose that climacterism, or its absence, is a way to achieve this. If ground-dwelling animals are the main distributors, then the continuing ripening of fallen fruit (i.e., climacterism) is beneficial. If, by contrast, those distributors are arboreal or aerial, and so can feed on unfallen fruit, then non-climacteric fruits will do well.

To test their idea, the two researchers studied 80 varieties of fruits, and noted which animals each depended on for its propagation. 35 of these fruits, eaten by both ground-dwelling animals and arboreal or aerial animals, were non-climacteric. Further, 15 of the 19 varieties eaten principally by ground-dwellers were climacteric, while 21 of the 26 fed on by arboreal or aerial animals were non-climacteric.

That is a suggestively strong correlation. And the authors' hypothesis is fortified by other evidence. They point out that non-climacteric fruits tend to have vivid colours, especially reds and purples. This may help them to stand out amid the foliage of their parent plants, advertising their presence. Climacteric fruits are generally better camouflaged. That makes them harder to spot until they have fallen to the ground.

The main limitation of their work is that they looked at fruits eaten by people. This has probably contaminated the sample, for thousands of years of selective breeding for traits that human beings find appealing may have blurred any signal optimised by natural selection. The next step, therefore, should be the analysis of wild fruits.

Question 2 : The study has been based on

1. fruits that are consumed by humans.
2. fruits available at the University of Tokyo.
3. wild fruits consumed by animals.
4. fruits sourced by greengrocers.

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Explanatory Answer

Option 1: This option is correct. The passage explicitly states, “The main limitation of their work is that they looked at fruits eaten by people” (Paragraph 5). This confirms the study focused on human-consumed fruits.
Option 2: This option is incorrect. The passage does not mention the University of Tokyo’s fruit availability. The institute is irrelevant to the sample selection.
Option 3: This option is incorrect. The study excluded wild fruits, as the authors propose analysing them “next” to address limitations.
Option 4: This option is incorrect. While greengrocers are mentioned in the context of market, the study’s sample is defined by human consumption, not sourcing channels.

Hence, the answer is 'fruits that are consumed by humans.'

Choice A is the correct answer.

 

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