XAT 2022 Question Paper | Verbal Ability and Logical Reasoning

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Read the passage carefully and answer the THREE questions that follow.

What bullshit essentially misrepresents is neither the state of affairs to which it refers nor the beliefs of the speaker concerning that state of affairs. Those are what lies misrepresent, by virtue of being false. Since bullshit need not be false, it differs from lies in its misrepresentational intent. The bullshitter may not deceive us, or even intend to do so, either about the facts or about what he takes the facts to be. What he does necessarily attempt to deceive us about is his enterprise. His only indispensably distinctive characteristic is that in a certain way he misrepresents what he is up to. This is the crux of the distinction between him and the liar. Both he and the liar represent themselves falsely as endeavoring to communicate the truth. The success of each depends upon deceiving us about that. But the fact about himself that the liar hides is that he is attempting to lead us away from a correct apprehension of reality; we are not to know that he wants us to believe something he supposes to be false. The fact about himself that the bullshitter hides, on the other hand, is that the truth-values of his statements are of no central interest to him; what we are not to understand is that his intention is neither to report the truth nor to conceal it. This does not mean that his speech is anarchically impulsive, but that the motive guiding and controlling it is unconcerned with how the things about which he speaks truly are. It is impossible for someone to lie unless he thinks he knows the truth. Producing bullshit requires no such conviction. A person who lies is thereby responding to the truth, and he is to that extent respectful of it. When an honest man speaks, he says only what he believes to be true; and for the liar, it is correspondingly indispensable that he considers his statements to be false.

Question 20 : When will a liar BEST turn into a bullshitter?

Explanatory Answer

According to the passage, what distinguishes a liar from a bullshitter is the fact that the liar thinks he knows the truth and attempts to make us believe what he supposes is false while a bullshitter is not concerned about either the truth or lies, only about deceiving the listener. In other words, it is the outcome, not the lie, that is important for a bullshitter.
Option A does not touch upon deception, which is something both liars and bullshitters attempt to do. By simply not responding to the truth, a liar does not become a bullshitter. Both liars and bullshitters conceal their intentions, so option B is incorrect. A bullshitter is not worried about a correct comprehension of reality. So, option C is incorrect. A bullshitter is not worried about the actual state of affairs either. So, option E is incorrect.

The question is " When will a liar BEST turn into a bullshitter? "

Hence, the answer is 'When a liar focusses only on the outcome and not on telling lies'

Choice D is the correct answer.